Aloha i ka prosthetics

Hiki i nā moʻo ke hana hou ma hope o ka nalowale ʻana o ko lākou huelo, a hiki i nā pāpaʻi ke hana hou ma hope o ka nalowale ʻana o ko lākou mau wāwae, akā i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kēia mau holoholona ʻano "primitive", ua nalowale ke kanaka i ka hiki ke hana hou i ka wā o ka evolution. ʻO ka hiki ke hana hou i nā lālā i ka poʻe mākua ua aneane ʻole, koe naʻe nā pēpē hiki ke hoʻōla hou ke nalowale ko lākou manamana lima. ʻO ka hopena, hiki ke hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ka maikaʻi o ke ola o ka poʻe i nalowale i nā lālā ma muli o ka pōʻino a i ʻole ka maʻi, a ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ke pani olaola he mea koʻikoʻi ia no nā kauka e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ola o ka poʻe ʻoki.

Ma hope o ʻAigupita kahiko, aia nā moʻolelo o nā lālā hana. Ma ka Conan Doyle "The Sign of the Four," aia kekahi wehewehe no ka pepehi kanaka e hoʻohana ana i nā lālā prosthetic e pepehi i nā kānaka.

ʻO ia mau prosthetics naʻe, hāʻawi i ke kākoʻo maʻalahi akā ʻaʻole paha e hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka ʻike ola o kahi amputee. Hiki i nā prosthetics maikaʻi ke hoʻouna i nā hōʻailona ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua: ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hiki i ka mea maʻi ke hoʻomalu i ka prosthetics autonomously; Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, pono e hiki i kahi lālā prosthetic ke hoʻouna i nā manaʻo i ka cortex sensory o ka lolo o ka mea maʻi, e like me ka lālā maoli me nā aʻalolo, e hāʻawi iā lākou i ke ʻano o ka hoʻopā ʻana.

Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā haʻawina mua i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā code lolo e ʻae i nā kumuhana (monkeys a me nā kānaka) e hoʻomalu i nā lima robotic me ko lākou mau noʻonoʻo. Akā, he mea nui nō hoʻi e hāʻawi i ka manaʻo o ka prosthetic. ʻO ke kaʻina hana maʻalahi e like me ka hopu ʻana e pili ana i nā manaʻo paʻakikī, ʻoiai mākou e hoʻoponopono i ka ikaika o ko mākou mau manamana lima e like me ka manaʻo o ko mākou mau lima, i ʻole mākou e paheʻe i nā mea a i ʻole ke kuʻi ʻoi loa. Ma mua, pono nā maʻi me nā lima prosthetic e hilinaʻi i ko lākou mau maka e hoʻoholo i ka ikaika o nā mea. Pono nui ka nānā a me ka ikaika e hana i nā mea e hiki ai iā mākou ke hana ma ka lele, akā naʻe, ua haki pinepine lākou i nā mea.

I ka makahiki 2011, ua alakaʻi ke Kulanui ʻo Duke i nā ʻano hoʻokolohua ma luna o nā monkey. Ua loaʻa iā lākou nā monkey e hoʻohana i ko lākou mau noʻonoʻo e hana i nā lima robotic virtual e hopu i nā mea o nā mea like ʻole. Ua hoʻouna ka lima virtual i nā hōʻailona like ʻole i ka lolo o ka monkey i ka wā i hālāwai ai ʻo ia i nā mea like ʻole. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, hiki i nā monkey ke koho pololei i kahi mea kikoʻī a loaʻa ka uku meaʻai. ʻAʻole wale kēia he hōʻike mua o ka hiki ke hāʻawi i ka prosthetics i ke ʻano o ka hoʻopā ʻana, akā ke hōʻike pū nei hoʻi e hiki i nā monkey ke hoʻohui i nā hōʻailona tactile i hoʻouna ʻia e ka lolo prosthesis me nā hōʻailona mana kaʻa i hoʻouna ʻia e ka lolo i ka prosthesis, e hāʻawi ana i kahi piha piha. ka laulā o nā manaʻo mai ka hoʻopā ʻana i ka manaʻo e hoʻomalu i ka koho lima ma muli o ka manaʻo.

ʻO ka hoʻokolohua, ʻoiai maikaʻi, he neurobiological maʻemaʻe a ʻaʻole i komo i kahi lālā prosthetic maoli. A e hana i kēlā, pono ʻoe e hoʻohui i ka neurobiology a me ka ʻenekini uila. I Ianuali a me Pepeluali o kēia makahiki, ua paʻi kaʻawale ʻelua mau kulanui ma Switzerland a me ʻAmelika i nā pepa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano like e hoʻopili ai i nā prosthetics sensory i nā maʻi hoʻokolohua.

I Pepeluali, ua hōʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema ma ka Ecole Polytechnique ma Lausanne, Switzerland, a me nā hui ʻē aʻe i kā lākou noiʻi ʻana ma kahi pepa i paʻi ʻia ma Science Translational Medicine. Hāʻawi lākou i kahi kumuhana 36 makahiki, ʻo Dennis Aabo S? Rensen, me nā pūnaewele sensory 20 i ka lima robotic e hana i nā manaʻo like ʻole.

Paʻakikī ka hana holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻokomo nā kauka ma ka Halemai Gimili o Roma i nā electrodes i nā aʻalolo lima ʻelua o Sorensen, ka median a me ka ulnar nerves. Na ke aʻalolo ulnar e hoʻomalu i ka manamana liʻiliʻi, a ʻo ke aʻalolo waena e hoʻomalu i ka manamana lima a me ka manamana lima. Ma hope o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o nā electrodes, ua hoʻoulu ʻia nā kauka i nā aʻalolo waena a me ulnar o Sorensen, hāʻawi iā ia i kahi mea āna i ʻike ʻole ai no ka manawa lōʻihi: ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka neʻe ʻana o kona lima nalo. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe hewa o ka ʻōnaehana nerve o Sorensen.

Ua hoʻopili nā kānaka ʻepekema ma ka Ecol Polytechnique ma Lausanne i nā sensor i ka lima robotic i hiki ke hoʻouna i nā hōʻailona uila e pili ana i nā kūlana e like me ke kaomi. ʻO ka hope, hoʻopili nā mea noiʻi i ka lima robotic i ka lima ʻoki ʻia o Sorensen. Lawe nā mea ʻike ma ka lima robotic i kahi o nā neurons sensory i ka lima o ke kanaka, a ʻo nā electrodes i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā aʻalolo e pani i nā aʻalolo e hiki ke hoʻouna i nā hōʻailona uila i ka lima nalowale.

Ma hope o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā mea hana, ua hana nā mea noiʻi i nā ʻano hoʻokolohua. No ka pale ʻana i nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua uhi lākou iā Sorensen, uhi i kona mau pepeiao a hoʻopā wale iā ia me ka lima robotic. Ua ʻike lākou ʻaʻole hiki iā Sorensen ke hoʻoholo wale i ka paʻakikī a me ke ʻano o nā mea āna i hoʻopā ai, akā ʻike pū kekahi i waena o nā mea like ʻole, e like me nā mea lāʻau a me nā lole. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka manipulator a me ka lolo o Sorensen ua hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi a pane. No laila hiki iā ia ke hoʻololi koke i kona ikaika ke ʻohi ʻo ia i kahi mea a paʻa. "Ua kāhāhā iaʻu no ka mea ʻO SUDDENLY hiki iaʻu ke manaʻo i kahi mea aʻu i manaʻo ʻole ai no nā makahiki ʻeiwa i hala," wahi a Sorensen i loko o kahi wikiō i hāʻawi ʻia e ka Ecole Polytechnique ma Lausanne. "I koʻu hoʻoneʻe ʻana i koʻu lima, hiki iaʻu ke ʻike i kaʻu mea e hana nei ma mua o ka nānā ʻana i kaʻu hana."

Ua hana ʻia kahi haʻawina like ma Case Western Reserve University ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO kā lākou kumuhana ʻo Igor Spetic, 48, no Madison, Ohio. Ua nalowale kona lima ʻākau i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka hāmare ma luna ona i ka wā e hana ana i nā ʻāpana alumini no nā ʻenekini mokulele.

ʻO ka ʻenehana i hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea noiʻi ʻo Case Western Reserve University he ʻano like me ka ʻenehana i hoʻohana ʻia ma ECOLE Polytechnique ma Lausanne, me kahi ʻokoʻa nui. ʻO nā electrodes i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka Ecole Polytechnique ma Lausanne i hou aku i nā neurons ma ka lima o Sorensen i loko o ke axon; ʻAʻole komo nā electrodes ma Case Western Reserve University i ka neuron, akā hoʻopuni i kona ʻili. Hiki i ka mea mua ke hana i nā hōʻailona pololei, e hāʻawi ana i nā mea maʻi i nā manaʻo paʻakikī a nuanced.

Akā ʻo ka hana ʻana pēlā he mau pilikia no nā electrodes a me nā neurons. Ke hopohopo nei kekahi poʻe ʻepekema i hiki i nā electrodes invasive ke hoʻoulu i nā hopena ʻaoʻao ma luna o nā neurons, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā electrodes. Eia nō naʻe, ua hilinaʻi nā mea noiʻi ma nā ʻoihana ʻelua e hiki iā lākou ke lanakila i nā nāwaliwali o kā lākou ala. Hoʻopuka ka Spiderdick i kahi manaʻo pololei loa o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai ka pepa one, nā pōpō pulupulu, a me ka lauoho. Ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe noiʻi ma ka Ecole Polytechnique ma Lausanne, ua hilinaʻi lākou i ka paʻa a me ka paʻa o kā lākou electrode invasive, i mau ma waena o ʻeiwa a me 12 mau mahina i nā ʻiole.

Eia nō naʻe, hiki wawe ke kau i kēia noiʻi ma ka mākeke. Ma waho aʻe o ka lōʻihi a me ka palekana, ʻaʻole lawa ka ʻoluʻolu o nā prosthetics sensory. Ua noho ʻo Sorenson lāua ʻo Specdick i loko o ka lab i ka wā e hoʻokomo ʻia ana nā prosthetics. ʻO ko lākou mau lima, me ka nui o nā uwea a me nā hāmeʻa, ʻaʻohe mea e like me nā lālā bionic o ka moʻolelo ʻepekema. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Silvestro Micera, he loea ma ka Ecole Polytechnique ma Lausanne nāna i hana i ke aʻo ʻana, he mau makahiki ma mua o nā prosthetics sensory mua, e like me nā mea maʻamau, hiki ke haʻalele i ka hale hana.

"ʻOliʻoli wau i ka ʻike ʻana i kā lākou hana. Manaʻo wau e kōkua ia i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. ʻIke wau he lōʻihi ka manawa ʻepekema. Inā ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke hoʻohana i kēia manawa, akā hiki i ka mea e hiki mai ana, maikaʻi ia."